Citation :

Yassine Kharchachi, Khalid Housni, "Optimization and Mathematical Modulation of the NRF Number in the NRF-LEACH Approach," International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT), vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 184-196, 2026. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/22315381/IJETT-V74I2P112

Abstract

Among them, LEACH is one of the most established approaches in reducing energy consumption in wireless sensor networks, especially by restricting long-range transmissions towards the base station, while its fixed-round extension, NRF-LEACH, prolongs network lifetime by keeping the same cluster structure for a number of rounds. However, its performance depends heavily on finding the optimal number of fixed rounds, and there is no clear analytical formulation for the NRF value, which is a significant gap in the literature that affects energy efficiency, network stability, and the lifetime of the sensor network. In this work, we introduce a hybrid method combining multi-objective optimization and statistical modeling to find the optimal NRF value for different packet sizes and sensor densities, and then use the optimized results to construct an analytical model of the NRF parameter using statistical fitting, which can predict the NRF value directly from network characteristics. The experimental results obtained using NS-3 simulations demonstrate that the optimal NRF value changes significantly with packet size and node density, and among the models tested, power regression is the most consistent with the simulation data, with the correlation coefficient nearly 0.94 and the coefficient of determination nearly 0.89, which proves the validity of the proposed modeling strategy and also indicates the necessity to select an appropriate NRF value for the application of NRF-LEACH in practical scenarios.

Keywords

WSN, CH, LEACH, NRF-LEACH, NSGA-II, NRF.

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