Citation :

Nurul Aimi Johan, Wan Rizhan, Norkhairani Abdul Rawi, Normala Rahim, Mat Atar Mat Amin, Nur Saadah Mohd Shapri, Nur Hayati Jasmin, Nur Awfa Mohd Hilmi, "Development of SIAR-SKULL: A Superimposed Augmented Reality Application for Enhanced Visualization in Skull Anatomy Education," International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT), vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 308-320, 2026. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/22315381/IJETT-V74I2P122

Abstract

Although textbooks, 2D illustrations, and physical models have been the traditional means by which instructors and students learn human skull anatomy, these methods may limit a learner’s ability to establish complex spatial relationships between different anatomical structures. Using Superimposed Augmented Reality (SIAR) is an alternative to traditional educational resources, allowing learners to visualize virtual anatomy in relation to the physical world. As a model for this study, a new Superimposed Augmented Reality (SIAR) application called SIAR_SKULL was developed to enable the learner to visualize three-dimensional skulls based on a photogrammetric model in real-time via markerless model-target tracking technology. An ADDIE (Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, Evaluate) instructional design model was used to systematically analyze, design, develop, implement, and evaluate the application. In development testing, system functionality, stability, and cross-device compatibility were verified. The findings of this work establish both the technical feasibility of the suggested method and a validated platform for future empirical evaluations of usability and educational effectiveness.

Keywords

Enhanced Visualization, Education, Superimposed Technique, Augmented Reality, Skull.

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